Document 4
Dated: 5 September 2019
Scottish Government Library
Literature Search
Subject
Female services - legitimate basis on which trans
women might need to be excluded from some
women-only services
Requested by
[Redacted]
Date Requested 21st August 2019
Date Required By 5th September 2019
Date Delivered By
Context (why)
A new Equality Impact Assessment (EQIA) is being undertaken for the
proposed changes to the Gender Recognition Act 2004 (see more here). This will be
published alongside the forthcoming consultation. This search is part of gathering
evidence for this EQIA.
Topic (what) I need to identify research on women-only services, locations, or provisions and any
reasons for which there might legitimately need to be provision for trans women to be excluded
from these (either as users or service providers).
Keywords
Trans, transgender, women, female, discrimination, disadvantage,
service, exclude, venue, location, provision, provider, user, behaviour,
prison, school, health, healthcare, refuge, biolog*, reproduct*, quota,
education, changing, facilit*, accommodation
In a sentence
Evidence on legitimate basis on which trans women might need to be
excluded from some women-only services, locations, or provisions, or on
which their presence might put non-trans women at a disadvantage.
Limits
No time restriction. Europe or other locations with similar societies to the
UK.
Please acknowledge the Library in your findings. Thank you!
The information in this document has been sourced from selected trusted databases
which the Library subscribes to, and from publicly available resources on the internet.
All the selected databases used are available for you to search via the
how to carry out
research page on Saltire. If you would like training in searching these resources or in
searching the internet, please contact the Library on [0131 24] 44556 or email
Library.
Resources searched
Keywords / Search Strategy
KandE
IDOX
"female services" OR "Women's services"
Page 1 of 26
Knowledge Network
Proquest
Trans OR transgender AND "women's
Google Selected
services"
Google Advanced
Google Scholar
Trans OR transgender AND discrimination
OR disadvantage OR exclude OR Exclusion
AND "Women's services" OR "female
services" OR services
Heterosexism OR "straight women" AND
discrimination OR disadvantage OR exclude
OR Exclusion
Marginalisation OR Marginalization AND
LGBT OR Heterosexual
Findings
Please note that the literature search results should not be regarded as comprehensive
as the Scottish Government Library only has access to a limited number of
bibliographic databases, and of these databases, only those regarded as the most
relevant bibliographic databases have been searched. Should you wish further
searching of other bibliographic databases available to the Scottish Government
Library please let the Library team know.
We have used our expertise to select the sources used in this literature search but
librarians are not experts in your subject, so please consider these results carefully and
apply your own judgement to the information presented here.
Key results
The following results may be particularly relevant:
Transgender Health
Transgender Studies Quarterly
Stonewall Scotland
Fair Play for Women
Page 2 of 26
GenderPortal
Women‐specific HIV/AIDS services: identifying and defining the components of holistic
service delivery for women living with HIV/AIDS - lots of academics named with
specialisms in Women’s studies this may be of use even if the report itself isn’t.
UN Women Publications
Women's Studies International Forum Journal
University of York: Centre for Women's Studies
Institute of Development Studies: Pathways of Women’s Empowerment Research
Programme Consortium
The Centre for Gender and Women’s Studies at Lancaster University
The St Andrews Institute for Gender Studies (StAIGS)
University of Warwick: Centre for the Study of Women and Gender
University of Sussex: Centre for Gender Studies
Permissions
These search results (except results under the heading ‘Internet’) are sourced from
subscription databases licensed for Scottish Government use only. Therefore you are
not permitted to forward these results outwith the Scottish Government.
Any full text information you download is protected by copyright and therefore should
not be stored in eRDM or shared electronically. Further copyright information can be
found at the
copyright page on Saltire.
Results
KandE
Page 3 of 26
KandE Knowledge and Evidence: lets you do a single search (like Google) across a range
of quality databases selected by the librarians.
How to access full text
Click on the link in each record to access or request the full text
Can a Trans-gendered Person be 'one of us'? Herizons 2001 Fall2001;15(2):22 Focuses on the involvement of trans-gendered persons in women's service agencies.
Discussion on the complexity of the physiology of female sex; Testimony of a trans-
gendered person; Efficacy of trans-gendered persons in rape crisis counselling training.
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asn&AN=5401979&site=eds -
live&custid=s2198163&authtype=uid&user=scotland&password=Sc0tgovlib*.
Welfare In The Women's Services. The British Medical Journal 1942;2(4268):492 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsjsr&AN=edsjsr.20324441&site
=eds-live&custid=s2198163&authtype=uid&user=scotland&password=Sc0tgovlib*.
Report of the Committee on Amenities and Welfare Conditions in Three Women's
Services. Soc.Serv.Rev. 1942;16(4):706 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsjsr&AN=edsjsr.30014052&site
=eds-live&custid=s2198163&authtype=uid&user=scotland&password=Sc0tgovlib*.
Bakko M. The Effect of Survival Economy Participation on Transgender Experiences
of Service Provider Discrimination. Sexuality Research & Social Policy: Journal of
NSRC 2019 09;16(3):268-277 This study determines how transgender involvement in survival economies, namely sex
work and drug sales, affects transgender experiences of service provider discrimination, in
comparison to discrimination experienced by transgender people not involved in survival
economies. It utilizes cross-sectional data from the 2008–2009 National Transgender
Discrimination Survey (NTDS). Multivariate logistic regression is conducted on the sample
(n = 4927) to determine the strength of association. Logistic regress ion sub-analysis is
used to compare discrimination across different service provider contexts. Compared to
those not participating in survival economies, participating in sex work has almost three
times greater odds (OR 2.83, CI 2.20–3.63), and those participating in drug sales have
approximately 1.5 greater odds (OR 1.52, CI 1.16–1.99), of experiencing discrimination
from service providers. Participation in survival economies is a significant predictor of a
transgender person's increased likelihood of experiencing service provider discrimination.
Findings suggest that service providers must attend to the specificity of transgender
experiences in survival economies. Harm reduction is offered as a suitable intervention
approach. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]; Copyright of Sexuality Research & Social Policy:
Journal of NSRC is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or
emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express
written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual
use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy.
Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.
(Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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live&custid=s2198163&authtype=uid&user=scotland&password=Sc0tgovlib*.
Beeman SK, Hagemeister AK, Edleson JL. Child Protection and Battered Women's
Services: From Conflict to Collaboration. Child Maltreat. 1999 05;4(2):116 Presents information on a study which reports the results of an effort to systematically
Page 4 of 26
probe the practices and views of both child protective services (CPS) workers and battered
women (BW) advocates which practices might evolve toward cooperation. Methodology of
the study; Results and discussion on the study.
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asn&AN=1833649&site=eds-
live&custid=s2198163&authtype=uid&user=scotland&password=Sc0tgovlib*.
Blair KL, Hoskin RA. Transgender exclusion from the world of dating: Patterns of
acceptance and rejection of hypothetical trans dating partners as a function of
sexual and gender identity. Journal of Social & Personal Relationships 2019
07;36(7):2074-2095 The current study sought to describe the demographic characteristics of individuals
who are willing to consider a transgender individual as a potential dating partner.
Participants (N = 958) from a larger study on relationship decision-making processes were
asked to select all potential genders that they would consider dating if ever seeking a
future romantic partner. The options provided included cisgender men, cisgender women,
trans men, trans women, and genderqueer individuals. Across a sample of heterosexual,
lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, and trans individuals, 87.5% indicated that they would not
consider dating a trans person, with cisgender heterosexual men and women being most
likely to exclude trans persons from their potential dating pool. Individuals identifying as
bisexual, queer, trans, or non-binary were most likely to indicate a willingness to date a
trans person. However, even among those willing to date trans persons, a pattern of
masculine privileging and transfeminine exclusion appeared, such that participants were
disproportionately willing to date trans men, but not trans women, even if doing so was
counter to their self-identified sexual and gender identity (e.g., a lesbian dating a trans
man but not a trans woman). The results are discussed within the context of the
implications for trans persons seeking romantic relationships and the pervasiveness of
cisgenderism and transmisogyny. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]; Copyright of Journal of
Social & Personal Relationships is the property of Sage Publications, Ltd. and its content
may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright
holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles
for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy
of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full
abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asn&AN=136731831&site=eds-
live&custid=s2198163&authtype=uid&user=scotland&password=Sc0tgovlib*.
Browne K, Lim J. Trans lives in the 'gay capital of the UK'. Gender, Place & Culture:
A Journal of Feminist Geography 2010 10;17(5):615-633 Recent geographical interventions have begun to question the power relations among
lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans people, challenging assumptions that LGBT communities
have homogeneous needs or are not characterised by hierarchies of power. Such
interventions have included examinations of LGBT scenes as sites of exclusion for trans
people. This article augments academic explorations of trans lives by focusing on 'the gay
capital' of the UK, Brighton & Hove, a city that is notably absent from academic
discussions of gay urbanities in the UK, despite its wider acclaim. The article draws upon
Count Me In Too (CMIT), a participatory action research project that seeks to progress
social change for LGBT people in Brighton & Hove. Rather than focusing on LGBT scenes,
the article addresses broader experiences of the city, including those relating to the city as
a political entity that seeks to be 'LGBT inclusive' and those relating to the geographies of
medical 'treatment' that relocate trans people outside the boundaries of the city,
specifically to the gender identity clinic at Charing Cross Hospital in London. It argues that
trans lives are both excluded from and inextricably linked to geographical imaginings of the
Page 5 of 26
'gay capital', including LGBT spaces, scenes and activism, such that complex sexual and
gender solidarities are simultaneously created and contested. In this way, the article
recognises the paradoxes of the hopes and solidarities that co-exist - and should be held
in tension - with experiences of marginalisation. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]; Copyright
of Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography is the property of Routledge
and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv
without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print,
download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty
is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published
version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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live&custid=s2198163&authtype=uid&user=scotland&password=Sc0tgovlib*.
CUTTING P, HENDERSON C. Women's experiences of hospital admission. Journal
of Psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing (Wiley-Blackwell) 2002 12;9(6):705-712 The primary aim of this study was to examine women's experiences of inpatient
psychiatric services. A secondary aim was to use the emerging themes in service planning
and to develop an evaluation tool. Focus groups and individual interviews with women in
receipt of psychiatric services in Croydon were used. The findings suggest continuity with
both negative and positive aspects of institutional care described before the policy of
community care was introduced. The attempts to ‘normalize’ institutional care by
desegregating wards appear rather to have compounded problems faced by women.
Women were clear about what they felt they wanted and needed. Women are dissatisfied
about many aspects of care aside from the problems associated specifically with mixed
sex wards. This suggests that sexual segregation of wards alone is a necessary but an
insufficient measure to improve inpatient care. The findings can inform development of a
women-only service in Croydon and of a tool to evaluate it. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR];
Copyright of Journal of Psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing (Wiley-Blackwell) is the
property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites
or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However,
users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be
abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the
original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all
Abstracts.)
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live&custid=s2198163&authtype=uid&user=scotland&password=Sc0tgovlib*.
Dagher V. Whose Streets? Ms. 2007 Spring2007;17(2):18-18 The article discusses the development of the RightRides for Women's Safety Inc. in
New York City. The organization provides safe transportation to women and transgender
individuals heading home from late-night shifts or evenings out with friends. It is stated that
the organization has been rapidly growing due to the increasing callers asking for service.
Detailed information regarding the organization's operation is discussed.
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asn&AN=24772847&site=eds -
live&custid=s2198163&authtype=uid&user=scotland&password=Sc0tgovlib*.
Dunne P. (Trans)Forming Single-Gender Services and Communal Accommodations.
Social & Legal Studies 2017 10;26(5):537-561 The right of transgender ('trans') persons to access gender-segregated space is neither
a new controversy nor a conversation which is unique to the United Kingdom. Yet, despite
increasingly charged political debates in North America, the question of trans access to
single-gender facilities remains largely underexplored by British legal academics. In
Page 6 of 26
January 2016, the UK House of Commons Select Committee on Women and Equalities
recommended expanding trans entry into single-gender services and communal
accommodations under the Equality Act 2010. Using the Committee's report as a
springboard for debate, this article considers the right of trans populations to use their
preferred women-only and men-only spaces. Critically analysing the existing possibilities
to exclude trans persons from services and accommodations, as well as the policy
arguments which motivate this approach, the article demonstrates how, adopting common-
sense, evidence-based reforms, Parliament can introduce legal rules which both prioritize
user safety and respect trans dignity. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]; Copyright of Social &
Legal Studies is the property of Sage Publications, Ltd. and its content may not be copied
or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express
written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual
use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy.
Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.
(Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=i3h&AN=125605486&site=eds -
live&custid=s2198163&authtype=uid&user=scotland&password=Sc0tgovlib*.
Gottschalk LH. Transgendering women's space: A feminist analysis of perspectives
from Australian women's services. Women's Studies International Forum 2009
05;32(3):167-178 Synopsis: This article explores the social and political implications of transgenderism
for women's groups and organisations. One aim of transgender support groups such as,
The Gender Centre Inc. and others, is the right of male to female transgenders (MTFs) to
enter what were previously understood to be women-only spaces such as women's health
centres, domestic violence shelters, and rape crisis centres. MTFs whether pre or post-
operative, claim the right to enter these spaces as both clients and workers. In-depth
interviews were conducted with managers of gendered spaces and a small number of
workers. Discussions centred around their values and policies about gendered spaces and
the advantages and disadvantages of having women-only spaces, as well as their
experience of trans-inclusion when it had occurred and the impact on staff and clients of
inclusion. The majority of interviewees supported women-only space and employed only
female staff in their centres. Their policy and practices around the employment of MTFs, or
accepting MTFs as clients, depended on whether or not they considered MTFs to be
women, a point upon which there was significant disagreement. Those who believed MTFs
to be women supported their inclusion. Those who did not consider MTFs to be women felt
that their presence would compromise women's feelings of safety and threaten not only
the very existence of women-only spaces, but also they services they provide. Copyright
&y& Elsevier]; Copyright of Women's Studies International Forum is the property of
Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or
emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express
written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual
use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy.
Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.
(Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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live&custid=s2198163&authtype=uid&user=scotland&password=Sc0tgovlib*.
Moore A. Shaping the service to fit the person. Nursing Standard 2011
02/02;25(22):20-22 Alison Moore uncovers services that are taking steps to improve care for lesbian, gay,
bisexual and trans people. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]; Copyright of Nursing Standard
Page 7 of 26
is the property of RNCi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or
posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However,
users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be
abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the
original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all
Abstracts.)
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live&custid=s2198163&authtype=uid&user=scotland&password=Sc0tgovlib*.
Neale J, Tompkins CNE, Marshall AD, Treloar C, Strang J. Do women with complex
alcohol and other drug use histories want women-only residential treatment?
Addiction 2018 06;113(6):989-997 Abstract: Background: Women-only addiction services tend to be provided on a poorly
evidenced assumption that women want single-sex treatment. We draw upon women's
expectations and experiences of women-only residential rehabilitation to stimulate debate
on this issue. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 19 women aged
25–44 years currently in treatment (n = 9), successfully completed treatment (n = 5), left
treatment prematurely (n = 5)]. All had histories of physical or sexual abuse, and relapses
linked to relationships with men. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim,
coded and analysed inductively following Iterative Categorization. Findings: Women
reported routinely that they had been concerned, anxious or scared about entering
women-only treatment. They attributed these feelings to previous poor relationships with
women, being more accustomed to male company and negative experiences of other
women-only residential settings. Few women said that they had wanted women-only
treatment, although many became more positive after entering the women-only service.
Once in treatment, women often explained that they felt safe, supported, relaxed,
understood and able to open up and develop relationships with other female residents.
However, they also described tensions, conflicts, mistrust and social distancing that
undermined their treatment experiences. Conclusions: Women who have complex
histories of alcohol and other drug use do not necessarily want or perceive benefit in
women-only residential treatment. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]; Copyright of Addiction is
the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple
sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission.
However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may
be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to
the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all
Abstracts.)
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sxi&AN=129473428&site=eds -
live&custid=s2198163&authtype=uid&user=scotland&password=Sc0tgovlib*.
Osorio R, McCusker M, Salazar C. Evaluation of a women-only service for substance
misusers. J.Subst.Use 2001(1):41 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsbl&AN=RN114686890&site=e
ds-live&custid=s2198163&authtype=uid&user=scotland&password=Sc0tgovlib* .
Prock KA, Kennedy AC. Federally-funded transitional living programs and services
for LGBTQ-identified homeless youth: A profile in unmet need. Children and Youth
Services Review 2017;83:17-24 Adolescents who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer (LGBTQ) are
overrepresented among runaway and homeless youth (RHY) and experience increased
rates of sexual victimization, mental health issues, and substance use in comparison to
their heterosexual and cisgender peers. Additionally, some sexual minority homeless
Page 8 of 26
youth experience discrimination in RHY programs, indicating the importance of services
tailored to their specific needs. However, we know very little about the availability of these
services, particularly in transitional living programs (TLPs). This exploratory study
examines the services offered by the Family and Youth Services Bureau-funded TLPs in
the United States—including LGBTQ-specific services—and examines the differences
between programs that offer these specific services and those that do not. Participants
(N=124 programs) completed a survey by phone or email about their program
characteristics and services; we supplemented the survey with an analysis of content on
programs' websites and Facebook pages, including program descriptions, service
availability, and LGBTQ-related content. Fewer than half (43.5%) of the participants
reported offering LGBTQ-specific services; information regarding these services was
minimally present on the agency's websites (20.2%) or Facebook pages (5.3%). These
programs were more likely to be located on the West Coast or in the Northeast region, and
more likely to offer counseling, support groups, and recreation or youth development
activities. Our findings add to the limited body of knowledge regarding service provision in
TLPs, and indicate high unmet need among this vulnerable population. We conclude with
implications for social work research, policy and practice.
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edselp&AN=S0190740917307211
&site=eds-live&custid=s2198163&authtype=uid&user=scotland&password=Sc0tgovlib*.
Pyne J. UNSUITABLE BODIES: Trans People and Cisnormativity in Shelter Service s.
Canadian Social Work Review / Revue canadienne de service social 2011;28(1):129 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsjsr&AN=edsjsr.41658838&site
=eds-live&custid=s2198163&authtype=uid&user=scotland&password=Sc0tgovlib*.
Rathbone EF. The Remuneration of Women's Services. The Economic Journal
1917;27(105):55 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsjsr&AN=edsjsr.10.2307.22223
98&site=eds-live&custid=s2198163&authtype=uid&user=scotland&password=Sc0tgovlib*.
IDOX
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Evidence on legitimate basis on which trans women might need to be excluded from some
women-only services, locations, or provisions, or on which their presence might put non-
trans women at a disadvantage.
Response:
Page 9 of 26
Searches were conducted on the Idox database using various key terms including those
suggested. This returned just a few results, presented below and with links provided to full
text.
Perhaps of most interest, will be the House of Commons Women and Equalities
Committee report on transgender equality
(Ref. B44347) which considers ‘exemptions in
respect of trans people’. It notes that the inquiry heard a range of views on this difficult and
sensitive issue, with Women Analysing Policy on Women saying:
There are situations such as women-only domestic and sexual violence services where
vulnerable women surviving in crisis find it very difficult to feel safe. Some of these
women may feel unable to access services provided by or offered jointly to all women
including transwomen; this produces a clash with the rights of transwomen to be treated
exactly the same as other women. In such cases when the safety, wellbeing and
recovery of women are reliant upon their ability to access services the law has created
exemptions to allow for women only services that do not include some transwomen, in
some circumstances.
This came from the
evidence submission from Women Analysing Policy on Women to the
transgender Equality Inquiry. It considers the implications of some proposals for legal
changes made by some transgender groups which would remove the protection in the
Equality Act for women only spaces. It sets out the need for women only spaces before
going on to describe the current legal situation. It then details the calls for change that
have been made and identifies the ways in which these would reduce the protection for
women only spaces currently provided in the Equality Act. Similarly, the
Prison Reform
Trust’s submission stated:
Some organisations working with female prisoners, such as those providing support for
women who have experienced domestic violence or sexual assault may decide not to
provide services to transwomen as long as the decision is legitimate and proportionate.
We support the current position.
As there was limited material, further searches were also undertaken online, which
returned the following material that may also be of interest:
Trans Inclusion in Women Only Spaces, Concept, Vol 10 No 1 Spring 2019 – aims to
provide a reflective account within the following topics: 1.An exploration of the
consciousness-raising process that violence against women services are borne from,
and how that process can now be used to expand our understanding of solidarity
and liberation; 2.An exploration of the purpose of women-only spaces within sexual
violence and domestic abuse service provision; 3.A discussion of the experiences of
transgender survivors of sexual violence and domestic abuse and their barriers to
accessing services; and 4.A practical exploration of solutions that can ensure that all
survivors of sexual violence have swift access to effective support services to allow
them to recover from trauma.
Supporting trans women in domestic and sexual violence services: Interviews with
professionals in the sector. Stonewall (2018) – provides views and experiences of service
providers. Participants overwhelmingly told us that services’ thorough risk assessment
processes would continue to safeguard against an incident of a violent man attempting to
access services, while ensuring that all women receive the support they need.
Page 10 of 26
The Economist’s
Open Future series of articles on transgender may be of interest,
particularly the one o
n women’s concerns over trans women accessing women’s spaces .
It seems that the main reason for arguing against including trans women in all women-only
spaces/services is the fear among women around the potential for predatory men to abuse
self-identification to gain access to women-only spaces.
Which Gender is More Concerned About Transgender Women in Female Bathrooms?,
Gender Issues, Vol 34 No 3 2017 – explores public opinion about safety and privacy when
transgender women use female bathrooms. In these comments, we find that cisgender
males are around 1.55× as likely to express concern about safety and privacy as
cisgender females. Moreover, we find that when expressing concern (a) cisgender females
are around 4× as likely as cisgender males to assert that transgender women do not
directly cause their safety and privacy concerns, typically emphasizing their concerns are
about ‘perverts’ posing as transgender females, and (b) cisgender males are around 1.5×
as likely as cisgender females to assert that transgender females directly cause their
safety and privacy concerns.
(Trans)forming single gender services and communal accommodations . Social and Legal
Studies, 26(5) University of Bristol (2017) – sets out the broad relationship between
transgender identities and single-gender spaces, and explains the operation of single-
gender services and communal accommodations under the Equality Act 2010 and
considers how transgender individuals may be excluded from their preferred facilities
without breaching equality guarantees. Addresses the two overarching motivations for
excluding transgender persons from single-gender spaces: the phenomenon of non-
transgender ‘discomfort’; and the fear of ‘misconduct’ in segregated facilities. Considers
three possible routes for reforming UK law. Focusing on body type, legal status and the
obligation to increase private space, the article embraces the Committee’s recent
recommendations and also suggests an alternative policy which would create a safe,
workable model for respecting both transgender and non-transgender rights.
Idox database results
Ref No: B53144
Neill, Gail; McAlister, Siobhan
The missing T: baselining attitudes towards transgender people in
Northern Ireland
ARK
(Report available on the internet at:
http://ow.ly/7zhn30p0I3a)
2019
Pages: 5 Price: na
ISBN:
Explores public attitudes towards
transgender people in Northern Ireland,
drawing on analysis of data from national social attitudes surveys. Describes
the increased public focus on
transgender people and the inequalities they
face, and the challenges involved in using existing surveys to explore public
attitudes towards
transgender people. Outlines the definitions used in
surveys, and provides overall findings on public prejudices and attitudes
towards
transgender people. Looks at attitudes towards lesbian, gay and
bisexual compared with
transgender people.
Examines levels of public
Page 11 of 26
comfort/approval of transgender people using public toilets, refuges
and changing birth certificates. Concludes that the survey results suggest
positive attitudes towards transgender people and fairly high levels of support
in realising their rights.
Ref No: B51511
Beard, Jacqueline
Transgender prisoners (House of Commons Library briefing paper no
7420)
House of Commons Library
(Report available on the internet at:
http://ow.ly/lcLx30lTGMS)
2018
Pages: 13 Price: na
ISBN:
Provides an overview of policy towards
transgender people in
prisons in the
UK. Outlines the key legal provisions in the Equality Act 2010 and Gender
Recognition Act 2004. Looks at
transgender prisoners in England and
Wales, including estimated numbers, and describes the policy framework,
including initial guidance issued in 2011 and revised guidelines developed in
response to a report on
transgender equality by the House of Commons
Women and Equalities Committee in 2016. Outlines policy towards
transgender prisoners in Scotland, based on a 2014 policy document, and
indicates that there is no formal policy towards
transgender prisoners in
Northern Ireland.
Ref No: B44347
House of Commons Women and Equalities Committee
Transgender equality: first report of session 2015–16 (HC 390)
The Stationery Office (TSO), PO Box 29, Norwich, NR3 1GN
(Report available on the internet at:
http://ow.ly/X2TDG)
2016
Pages: 98 Price: na
ISBN:
Presents the outcome of the House of Commons Women and Equalities
Committee's inquiry into equality issues affecting
transgender people.
Describes the cross-government strategy on advancing
transgender equality.
Discusses issues relating to the Gender Recognition Act 2004 and Equality
Act 2010. Considers
general and specific NHS services relating to
transgender patients. Examines the ways in which everyday transphobia is
being tackled. Provides conclusions and recommendations covering the
issues addressed. Highlights key findings, including: high levels of
transphobia are experienced by individuals on a daily basis, with serious
consequences; the Gender Recognition Act was pioneering but is now
outdated, as are the terms used in the Equality Act; the NHS is letting
transgender people down and failing in its legal duty; and, across the board,
government departments are struggling to support
transgender people
effectively.
Page 12 of 26
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To request the full text of any of these references please contact the Library.
Ben-Ari A. Homosexuality and heterosexism: views from academics in the helping
professions. British Journal of Social Work 2001;31(1):119 This study describes and analyses attitudes towards homosexuality among faculty in
departments of three helping professions: social work, psychology and education. The
sample consists of 235 faculty members in the five main universities in Israel. Out of 849
questionnaires that were sent to all faculty members of the relevant departments of social
work, psychology and education, 103 were completed and returned from social work, 56
from psychology and 76 from education, representing a 27.7 per cent total response rate.
The instrument used was the Index of Homophobia (IHP) (Hudson and Ricketts, 1980) in
addition to professional background and demographic information. Findings show that,
overall, members of academic departments of the helping professions present 'low-grade
homophobic' attitudes (Hudson and Ricketts, 1980). Statistically significant differences
surfaced among the three departments, with faculty members in schools of education
emerging as most homophobic, followed by social work and psychology. Several
explanations are put forward in an attempt to account for such differences, including the
theoretical framework of marginality, the variables traditionally associated with
homophobia, and professional training.
Berkman CS. Homophobia and Heterosexism in Social Workers. Soc.Work
1997;42(4):319-333 Evidence suggests that social workers may be biased when dealing with gay and
lesbian populations. The study discussed in this article attempted to measure the extent of
homophobia and heterosexist bias and their correlates in a cohort of 187 social workers
using the index of Attitudes toward Homosexuality, the Attitudes toward Lesbians and Gay
Men Scales, and a newly created scale to measure heterosexist bias. We found that 10
percent of respondents were homophobic and that a majority were heterosexist. Levels of
homophobia and heterosexism were negatively correlated with amount of social contact
with homosexual men and women. Religiosity was associated with higher levels of
homophobia and heterosexism, and having been in psychotherapy was associated with
more positive attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. Amount of education on topics
related to homosexuality was not correlated with levels of homophobia and heterosexism.
Health Business Elite; Health Business Elite.
Brennan J. Syndemic Theory and HIV-Related Risk Among Young Transgender
Women: The Role of Multiple, Co-Occurring Health Problems and Social
Marginalization. Am.J.Public Health 2012;102(9):1751-1758 Objectives. We assessed whether multiple psychosocial factors are additive in their
relationship to sexual risk behavior and self-reported HIV status (i.e., can be characterized
as a syndemic) among young transgender women and the relationship of indicators of
social marginalization to psychosocial factors. Methods. Participants (n = 151) were aged
15 to 24 years and lived in Chicago or Los Angeles. We collected data on psychosocial
Page 13 of 26
factors (low self-esteem, polysubstance use, victimization related to transgender identity,
and intimate partner violence) and social marginalization indicators (history of commercial
sex work, homelessness, and incarceration) through an interviewer-administered survey.
Results. Syndemic factors were positively and additively related to sexual risk behavior
and self-reported HIV infection. In addition, our syndemic index was significantly related to
2 indicators of social marginalization: a history of sex work and previous incarceration.
Conclusions. These findings provide evidence for a syndemic of co-occurring psychosocial
and health problems in young transgender women, taking place in a context of social
marginalization.
Health Business Elite; Health Business Elite.
Brenner BR, Lyons HZ, Fassinger RE. Can heterosexism harm organizations?
Predicting the perceived organizational citizenship behaviors of gay and lesbian
employees. Career Development Quarterly 2010;58(4):321.
Callahan J, Mann B, Ruddick S. Editors' Introduction to Writing against
Heterosexism. Hypatia 2007;22(1):vii-xv & discussing what love has to do with being against compulsory heterosexuality. J.
Stanton © ProQuest LLC All rights reserved
Chinell J. Three Voices: Reflections on Homophobia and Heterosexism in Social
Work Education. Social Work Education 2011;30(7):759-773 students' expectations of their social work education.
Eisikovits Z, Band-Winterstein T. Dimensions of Suffering among Old and Young
Battered Women. J Fam Viol 2015;30(1):49-62 and accumulated life wisdom. These themes constitute the basis for the forthcoming
analysis and discussion.
Ford CL, Slavin T, Hilton KL, Holt SL. Intimate Partner Violence Prevention Services
and Resources in Los Angeles: Issues, Needs, and Challenges for Assisting
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Clients. Health Promotion Practice
2013;14(6):841-849 nevertheless, nearly 50% of them reported having assisted LGBTs “sometimes” or
“often” in the past year. Nearly all (92%) reported that their agencies/programs lack staff
with dedicated responsibilities to LGBT IPV. The most frequent requests for assistance
respondents reported receiving from LGBTs were for counseling, safe housing, legal
assistance, and assistance navigating the medical system. The findings suggest that staff
believe their agencies/programs inadequately address LGBT IPV but that many of the
inadequacies (e.g., lack of staff training on LGBT IPV) are remediable.
Fredriksen-Goldsen K, Kim H, Bryan AEB, Shiu C, Emlet CA. The Cascading Effects
of Marginalization and Pathways of Resilience in Attaining Good Health Among
LGBT Older Adults. Gerontologist 2017;57:S72-S83.
Gledhill C. Queering State Crime Theory: The State, Civil Society and
Marginalization. Crit Crim 2014;22(1):127-138 This article argues that criminology desperately needs to look at the ways in which
states marginalize and persecute lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans* and queer (LGBTQ)
identities. It critically examines the ways in which states reproduce hegemonic dictates that
privilege those who adhere to gendered heterosexual norms over all others. This article
further considers how the application of state crime theories, in particular Michalowski’s
Page 14 of 26
(State crime in the global age, pp. 13–30, Devon, Willan, 2010) tripartite framework, might
further foreground the responsibility of the state in protecting LGBTQ identities. Examples
of how this framework could be applied are given, with the case study of criminalization of
same sex relations being focused on in depth. The article concludes by positing four key
points to be considered in any analysis that attempts to critique the role of the state in the
perpetuation of heterosexual hegemony.
Hyers L. Resisting Prejudice Every Day: Exploring Women's Assertive Responses to
Anti-Black Racism, Anti-Semitism, Heterosexism, and Sexism. Sex Roles 2007;56(1-
2):1-12 Past lab and scenario research on sexism suggests that women are more likely to
contemplate than to engage in assertive confrontation of prejudice. The present study was
designed to explore how the competing cultural forces of activist norms and gender role
prescriptions for women to be passive and accommodating may contribute to women's
response strategies. Women were asked to keep diaries of incidents of anti-Black racism,
anti-Semitism, heterosexism, and sexism, including why they responded, how they
responded, and the consequences of their responses. Participants were about as likely to
report they were motivated by activist goals as they were to report being motivated by
gender role consistent goals to avoid conflict. Those with gender role-consistent goals
were less likely to respond assertively. Participants were more likely to consider assertive
responses (for 75% of incidents) than to actually make them (for 40% of incidents).
Assertive responders did, however, report better outcomes on a variety of indicators of
satisfaction and closure, at the expense of heightened interpersonal conflict. Results are
discussed with respect to the personal and social implications of responding to
interpersonal prejudice. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT].
Jackson S. Achieving clinical governance in Women's Services through the use of
the EFQM Excellence Model. Int.J.Health Care Qual.Assur. 2000;13(4):182-190 Following a brief explanation of the concepts inherent within the European Foundation
for Quality Management Excellence Model, the experience of using the framework as a
mechanism for delivering clinical governance is described. The framework was utilised by
a Women's Services Directorate of an acute National Health Service Trust in the UK, who
concluded that the Model was an ideal tool for supporting the delivery of clinical
governance. However, this was only the case when a number of factors were taken into
consideration. For instance, the Directorate found that the change programme required a
phased implementation process, sound leadership, expert facilitation, good information
systems, numerous training and development opportunities for managers, teamwork and
the application of best practice in relation to project improvement teams. Moreover, the
absence of all the aforementioned ingredients had the potential to compromise any
successful outcome. Emerald Management (Emerald Group);
Lamb SJ. Bridging the Gap Between Practice and Research : Forging Partnerships
with Community-Based Drug and Alcohol Treatment. : Washington, D.C., National
Academies Press; 1998 and looks in detail at the issue from the perspective of the community-based provider
and the researcher.
eBook Collection (EBSCOhost); eBook Collection (EBSCOhost).
Logie C, James L, Tharao W, Loutfy M. "We don't exist": a qualitative study of
marginalization experienced by HIV-positive lesbian, bisexual, queer and
transgender women in Toronto, Canada. Journal Of The International Aids Society;
J.Int.AIDS Soc. 2012;15(2).
Page 15 of 26
Lombard N. The Routledge handbook of gender and violence. First Edition.. ed.:
New York : Routledge; 2017 44NHSS ALMA; 44NHSS ALMA.
Lorvick J, Comfort M, Krebs C, Kral A. Health service use and social vulnerability in
a community-based sample of women on probation and parole, 2011–2013. Health
Justice 2015;3(1):1-6.
Mankowski M. Aging LGBT Military Service Members and Veterans.
Annu.Rev.Gerontol.Geriatr. 2017;37(1):111-IX The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the experiences and needs of aging sexual
and gender minority (SGM) veterans. Significant demographic changes in the composition
of aging military veterans have taken place. Most noticeably since the repeal of "don't ask,
don't tell" attention has been drawn to this population of older veterans and their specific
mental, physical, and psychosocial health care needs. Recent policy, program, and
research initiatives have begun to address the significant health disparities of this
population of older adults. SGM veterans are more likely to report higher rates of sexual
harassment and sexual assault, and are more vulnerable to homelessness and
unemployment when compared to the general population of older lesbian, gay, bisexual,
and transgender (LGBT) adults. Aging SGM veterans may also carry a heavy burden as a
result of their experiences as service members and may be reticent to disclose their sexual
identity with formal veteran service programs. Access to and utilization of social care
networks and social support for SGM aging veterans is a serious concern. Isolation, poorer
health outcomes, and increased chronic health conditions may exacerbate the
marginalization this older adult population has experienced. A majority of SGM veterans
will utilize community-based services, and it is essential that all health care professionals
understand the unique needs of this cohort of older adults. Future directions for research,
policy, education, and service delivery are explored.
Miner KN, Costa PL. Ambient workplace heterosexism: Implications for sexual
minority and heterosexual employees. Stress Health 2018;34(4):563-572 This study examined the relationship between ambient workplace heterosexis m,
emotional reactions (i.e., fear and anger), and outcomes for sexual minority and
heterosexual employees. Five hundred thirty‐six restaurant employees (68% female, 77%
White) completed an online survey assessing the variables of interest. Results showed
that greater experiences of ambient workplace heterosexism were associated with
heightened fear and anger and, in turn, with heightened psychological distress (for fear)
and greater physical health complaints, turnover intentions, and lowered job satisfaction
(for anger). Fear also mediated the relationship between ambient workplace heterosexism
and psychological distress. In addition, sexual orientation moderated the relationship
between ambient workplace heterosexism and fear such that sexual minority employees
reported more fear than heterosexuals with greater ambient heterosexism. These effects
occurred after controlling for personal experiences of interpersonal discrimination. Our
findings suggest that ambient workplace heterosexism can be harmful to all employees,
not only sexual minorities or targeted individuals.
Orza L, Bass E, Bell E, Crone ET, Damji N, Dilmitis S, et al. In Women’s Eyes; Key
Barriers to Women’s Access to HIV Treatment and a Rights-Based Approach to their
Sustained Well-Being. Health Hum.Rights 2017;19(2):155-168 and (3) three country case studies (phase three). The results presented here are based
predominantly on women’s own experiences and are coherent across al three phases.
Recommendations are proposed regarding laws, policies, and programs which are rights -
Page 16 of 26
based, gendered, and embrace diversity, to maximize women’s voluntary, informed,
confidential, and safe access to and adherence to medication, and optimize their long-term
sexual and reproductive health.
U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH/NLM); U.S. National Library of Medicine
(NIH/NLM).
Payne D. Heterosexism in Health and Social Care.(Brief article)(Book review).
Nursing Standard 2007;21(22):30.
Peitzmeier SM, Agénor M, Bernstein IM, Mcdowell M, Alizaga NM, Reisner SL, et al.
“It Can Promote an Existential Crisis”: Factors Influencing Pap Test Acceptability
and Utilization Among Transmasculine Individuals. Qual.Health Res.
2017;27(14):2138-2149 a modified grounded theory approach informed the analysis.
Rathbone E. Eleanor Rathbone on the Remuneration of Women's Services.
Population and Development Review 1999;25(1):145-158 Humans are dependent on others for their livelihood for many years before they
become economically productive and self‐supporting. In modern industrial societies
productivity and the capacity to be self‐supporting also require costly investments in
human capital. What is the proper division of responsibilities between parents and other
members of society for rearing children and thus, collectively, reproducing the population?
And how equitable is the sharing between husband and wife of the burdens that fall on the
immediate family? To what extent should social responsibilities for childrearing be
formalized in explicit institutional arrangements? While certainly long‐standing, these
questions acquired a special urgency in industrial countries beginning with the second
decade of the twentieth century as a result of the convulsive experience of the world war.
(In subsequent decades, below‐replacement‐level fertility amplified such concerns.) Total
mobilization for war resulted in the massive influx of female workers into industry, thus
undercutting prevailing assumptions about the logic and equity of an industrial system
characterized by sharp divisions of labor by sex, discrimination in hiring and remuneration
in the job market, and routine reliance on unpaid female labor in childrearing. In the March
1917 issue of , Eleanor F. Rathbone addressed these issues in an article titled “The
remuneration of women's services.” This article is reproduced below in ful . “Perhaps the
most important function which any State has to perform—more important even than
guarding against its enemies—is to secure its own periodic renewal by providing for the
rearing of fresh generations,” asserted Rathbone. How is this burden paid for? She saw
the existing system as iniquitous and haphazard—requiring a disproportionate and
unremunerated contribution from the adult female population, a contribution supplemented
only in a “hesitating and half‐hearted way” by the state. The modern state gradual y
accepted responsibilities to cover some of the costs of formal education and started to
make minor provisions for child nurture and medical expenses. Stil , she noted, “the great
bulk of the main cost of population] renewal the state] stil pays for… by the indirect and
extraordinarily clumsy method of financing the male parent”—thus accomplishing the task
“in a very defective and blundering way.” Rathbone argued for a radical rethinking and
revision of the existing system. She further elaborated her proposals in a book, , published
in 1924. This book was republished posthumously in 1949 under the title . Lord Beveridge,
father of the post–World War II British welfare state, in an Epilogue written for that book,
attributes the intel ectual preparation of the 1945 Family Al owances Act “first and
foremost” to the author of . Eleanor Rathbone was born in 1872 to a prominent Liverpool
family. Educated at Oxford in classics and philosophy, she played an active public role as
Page 17 of 26
a suffragist, feminist, and advocate of social reforms. She was a member of the British
Parliament, as an Independent, from 1929 to her death in 1946.
Riggs DW, Fraser H, Taylor N, Signal T, Donovan C. Domestic Violence Service
Providers’ Capacity for Supporting Transgender Women: Findings from an
Australian Workshop. British Journal of Social Work 2016;46(8):2374-2392 Previous research has consistently found that transgender women experience high
levels of domestic violence and abuse (DVA). Yet, to date, no studies have explored the
efficacy of training workshops aimed at increasing the capacity of service providers to
meet the needs of transgender women. This paper reports on findings from one such
workshop developed and run in South Australia. Workshop participants ( n = 25) from
three domestic violence services completed both pre- and post-workshop measures of
attitudes towards working with transgender women, comfort in working with transgender
women and confidence in providing services to transgender women. In addition,
participants responded to open-ended questions regarding terminology, and awareness of
referrals related to the link between DVA and animal abuse. Statistically significant
changes were identified on all measures, with workshop attendees reporting more positive
attitudes, greater comfort and greater confidence after completing the workshop. Analysis
of open-ended responses found that attendees developed a better understanding of both
appropriate terminology, and referrals for women who present to services with animal
companions. We conclude with suggestions for how programmes and services may
become more welcoming and inclusive of transgender women experiencing DVA.
Sweeney B. Trans-ending women's rights: The politics of trans-inclusion in the age
of gender. Women's Studies International Forum 2004;27(1):75-88 Despite the 1970s' radical feminist critique of transsexualism, transgenderism and its
international movement has rapidly expanded its fight for acceptance and rights for trans-
people. In particular, trans-women are currently claiming their right to participate, and be
included in, women-only events, organizations, and service provisions. This paper will
argue that the protection of gender is imperative to the goals of trans-activists and their
supporters. As a result, the movement to insist on, through human rights law, the right of
trans-women to access women-only organizations could be seen as a part of an effort to
grant gender categories absolute social authority. Specifically, I will be addressing one of
the latest studies in “trans-inclusion,” the Trans Inclusion Policy Manual for Women's
Organisations (2002). I will argue that this focus on gender undermines feminist
campaigns to challenge gender oppression, and the importance of women-only spaces to
this project.
Szymanski D, Henrichs-Beck C. Exploring Sexual Minority Women's Experiences of
External and Internalized Heterosexism and Sexism and their Links to Coping and
Distress. Sex Roles 2014;70(1-2):28-42 This study examined experiences of external and internalized heterosexism and sexism
and their links to coping styles and psychological distress among 473 sexual minority
women. Using an online sample of United States lesbian and bisexual women, the findings
indicated that many participants experienced heterosexist and sexist events at least once
during the past 6 months, and a number of participants indicated some level of internalized
oppression. Supporting an additive multiple oppression perspective, the results revealed
that when examined concurrently heterosexist events, sexist events, internalized
heterosexism, and internalized sexism were unique predictors of psychological distress. In
addition, suppressive coping and reactive coping, considered to be maladaptive coping
strategies, mediated the external heterosexism-distress, internalized heterosexism-
distress, and internalized sexism-distress links but did not mediate the external sexism-
Page 18 of 26
distress link. Reflective coping, considered to be an adaptive coping strategy, did not
mediate the relations between external and internalized heterosexism and sexism and
psychological distress. Finally, the variables in the model accounted for 54 % of the
variance in psychological distress scores. These findings suggest that maladaptive but not
adaptive coping strategies help explain the relationship between various oppressive
experiences and psychological distress.PUBLICATION ABSTRACT].
Tabaac AR, Benotsch EG, Barnes AJ. Mediation Models of Perceived Medical
Heterosexism, Provider–Patient Relationship Quality, and Cervical Cancer
Screening in a Community Sample of Sexual Minority Women and Gender
Nonbinary Adults. LGBT Health 2019;6(2):77-86 trust in providers (b = 0.05, p = 0.001, 95% confidence interval CI] 0.02–0.08) and
provider-patient communication quality ( b = 0.06, p = 0.003, 95% CI 0.02–0.10) were
positively associated with future screening intention, and their total indirect effect mediated
the relationship between perceived medical heterosexism and intention ( b = −0.03, 95%
CI −0.05 to −0.02, β = −0.25, 95% CI −0.39 to −0.15). Similarly, the total indirect effect of
provider–patient communication quality mediated the relationship between perceived
medical heterosexism and odds of routine screening ( b = −0.03, 95% CI −0.06 to −0.01).
Conclusion: These findings point to the need for cancer prevention and control strategies
for SMW to target provider education and policy interventions that improve SMW's
relationships with their providers and improve cervical cancer screening rates.
Telford BR, Stichler J, Ivie SD, Schaps MJ, Jellen BC. Model approaches to women's
health centers. Womens Health Issues 1993;3(2):55-62.
Terplan M, Longinaker N, Appel L. Women-Centered Drug Treatment Services and
Need in the United States, 2002-2009. Am.J.Public Health 2015;105(11):E50-E54 We examined options and need for women-centered substance use disorder treatment
in the United States between 2002 and 2009. We obtained characteristics of facilities from
the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services and treatment need data
from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. We also examined differences in
provision of women-centered programs by urbanization level in data from the National
Center for Health Statistics 2006 Rural-Urban County Continuum. Of the 13 000 facilities
surveyed annually, the proportion offering women-centered services declined from 43% in
2002 to 40% in 2009 (P < .001). Urban location, state population size, and Medicaid
payment predicted provision of such services as trauma-related and domestic violence
counseling, child care, and housing assistance (all, P < .001). Prevalence of women with
unmet need ranged from 81% to 95% across states. Change in availability of women-
centered drug treatment services was minimal from 2002 to 2009, even though need for
treatment was high in all states.
Thomas N, Bull M. Representations of women and drug use in policy: A critical
policy analysis. International Journal of Drug Policy; International Journal of Drug
Policy 2018;56:30-39 •Investigates whether and how Australian drug and health policy documents attend to
women’s drug use.•Methods involved a policy audit and critical policy analysis of
Australian federal and state and territory drugs and health policy documents.•Two major
problematisations are identified: effects on women’s reproductive role and women’s
vulnerability to harm.•Policy gaps resulting from these problematisations are discussed.
Contemporary research in the drugs field has demonstrated a number of gender
differences in patterns and experiences of substance use, and the design and provision of
gender-responsive interventions has been identified as an important policy issue.
Page 19 of 26
Consequently, whether and how domestic drug policies attend to women and gender
issues is an important question for investigation. This article presents a policy audit and
critical analysis of Australian national and state and territory policy documents. It identifies
and discusses two key styles of problematisation of women’s drug use in policy: 1) drug
use and its effect on women’s reproductive role (including a focus on pregnant women and
women who are mothers), and 2) drug use and its relationship to women’s vulnerability to
harm (including violent and sexual victimisation, trauma, and mental health issues). Whilst
these are important areas for policy to address, we argue that such representations of
women who use drugs tend to reinforce particular understandings of women and drug use,
while at the same time contributing to areas of ‘policy silence’ or neglect. In particular, the
policy documents analysed are largely silent about the harm reduction needs of all women,
as well as the needs of women who are not mothers, young women, older women,
transwomen or other women deemed to be outside of dominant normative reproductive
discourse. This analysis is important because understanding how women’s drug use is
problematised and identifying areas of policy silence provides a foundation for redressing
gaps in policy, and for assessing the likely effectiveness of current and future policy
approaches.
Weisman CS, Curbow B, Khoury AJ. The national survey of women's health centers:
Current models of women-centered care. Womens Health Issues 1995;5(3):103-117.
ProQuest
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bkw37, password: bkw3737)
To request the full text of any of these references please contact the Library.
Highlights From the California Report on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender
Domestic Violence 2000. 2001 This document provides information on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT)
domestic violence in California during the year 2000. In California in 2000, attention was
drawn to LGBT domestic violence through a community-wide educational campaign,
enhanced client screening, an in-depth study, and a comprehensive service provider
needs assessment. As a result, reported incidents jumped dramatically. Advocates and
policy makers now have data to help inform domestic violence services for youth and
inform planning to reduce service gaps affecting the highly diverse LGBT community. It is
important to recognize that the increases still represent only a small fraction of the cases
of LGBT domestic abuse. Only five agencies in California specifically address the problem
of LGBT battering. There are only about 20 agencies that address the problem in the other
49 States. LGBT domestic violence victims face enormous barriers in getting help from law
enforcement, the medical system, and from traditional battered women’s services and
related social service providers. The additional burdens of homophobia and heterosexism
make seeking help more difficult, leaving victims isolated and more vulnerable to their
partner’s violence. In 2000, reported incidents of LGBT battering totaled 2,837 incidents in
California -- an increase of 740 incidents over 1999. All of the additional incidents were
tallied in Los Angeles (LA), which had a 58 percent increase in incidents with 2,146
incidents reported. San Francisco saw a slight drop in incidents, down to 691 from 741 in
Page 20 of 26
1999. California’s total number of reported incidents accounted for 70 percent of the
national total. The LA Gay & Lesbian Center is a powerful, non-profit force for gay and
lesbian rights and home to a wide array of free or low cost legal, employment, educational,
cultural, and social programs for the LGBT community. The Center’s STOP Partner
Abuse/Domestic Violence Program is the most comprehensive LGBT-specific domestic
violence program in the Nation. 9 footnotes National Criminal Justice Reference Service
(NCJRS) Abstracts Database.
Browne K. Womyn's separatist spaces: rethinking spaces of difference and
exclusion. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 2009 Oct
2009;34(4):541-556 This paper rethinks geographical explorations of social difference by interrogating
ameliorative and pleasurable aspects of marginal spaces. Re-introducing womyn's
separatist spaces contests feminist geographical writing in this area, requiring an
examination of both the alternative ways of living that are created, and the pain of
producing `womyn-only' spaces in order for such spaces to exist. The paper draws on
qualitative research with 238 attendees at the 31st Michigan Womyn's Music Festival.
Womyn spoke of the pleasures of the festival and positive affinities with other womyn, as
well as the festival's herstory of conflict, negotiation and compromise. Although accounts
relay `growing pains' that constitute the festival's current form, the current temporal and
spatial segregations of `womyn', through the womyn-born womyn policy, has resulted in
something of an impasse. Rather than reductively posing `the latest problem' of feminist
separatism as the exclusion of trans women because of this policy, or unequivocally
celebrating the festival's role in womyn's lives and herstory, these polarised
conceptualisations are held in tension. This enables a consideration of the paradoxes and
juxtaposition of womyn's space and Camp Trans (a protest camp that opposes the womyn-
born womyn policy) as productive. In this way, the paper argues for an engagement with
marginalised and alternative spaces of difference that allow for positive affectivities and
productive tensions that do not neglect relations of power. Reprinted by permission of
Blackwell Publishers International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS).
Chambers L. Unprincipled Exclusions: Feminist Theory, Transgender
Jurisprudence, and Kimberly Nixon. Canadian Journal of Women and the Law
2007;19(2):305 International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS).
Currah P. EXPECTING BODIES: THE PREGNANT MAN AND TRANSGENDER
EXCLUSION FROM THE EMPLOYMENT NON-DISCRIMINATION ACT. Women's
Studies Quarterly 2008 Fall 2008;36(3/4):330-336 (This dissonance, to be clear, belongs not to the trans body but to those gazers who
have conventional gender expectations.) The more easily read and specific physical
terrains of bodies, such as the presence or absence of facial hair, baldness, or patterns of
musculature, can add a third layer of potential contradiction. After decades of lobbying, in
2003 transgender rights advocates and their allies thought they had succeeded in
persuading key gay rights advocacy players in Washington, including the Human Rights
Campaign, to support only "transgender-inclusive" legislation (National Center 2003;
Egan R, Hoatson L. Desperate to Survive: Contracting Women's Services in a
Region in Melbourne. Australian Feminist Studies 1999 October 1999;14(30):405-414 Conflict in Australian feminist organizations is studied to provide lessons for handling
such conflict & ensuring the vitality of such organizations. Comparative interview data from
6 female workers in organizations concerned with feminist services & 10 female workers
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who participated in a workshop that addressed the issue of women & conflict in
Melbourne, Australia, indicate that ideological conflict arose in feminist philosophical
perspectives, management & decision-making techniques, the nature of feminist services
work, & collaboration with external groups. It is asserted that these conflicts have been
exacerbated by the general dislike of feminist philosophy in Australian politics & society.
The possibility of feminist organizations losing those characteristics that make them
feminist is acknowledged, concluding that they must struggle to preserve key feminist
principles. J. W. Parker Sociology Collection.
Gehi PS, Arkles G. Unraveling Injustice: Race and Class Impact of Medicaid
Exclusions of Transition-Related Health Care for Transgender People. Sexuality
Research and Social Policy: Journal of NSRC 2007 December 2007;4(4):7-35 This article explores how Medicaid policies excluding or limiting coverage for transition-
related health care for transgender people reproduce hierarchies of race and class. In
many legal contexts, a medical model informs views of transgender experience(s), often
requiring proof of specific types of surgery prior to legal recognition of transgender
people's identity and rights. Simultaneously, state Medicaid programs disregard the
medical evidence supporting the necessity of transition-related care when considering
whether to cover it. In this article, the authors analyze the contradiction between the
medicalization of trans experience(s) and government's refusal to recognize the legitimacy
and necessity of trans health care. The authors examine the social, economic, legal,
political, medical, and mental health impact of these policies on low-income trans
communities, paying particular attention to the disproportionate impact on communities of
color. The authors conclude with recommendations for legal and health care systems to
improve access to transition-related health care for low-income trans people. Adapted from
the source document. Sociology Collection.
Pitts M, Couch M, Mulcare H, Croy S, Mitchell A. Transgender people in Australia
and New Zealand: health, well-being and access to health services. Feminism and
psychology 2009 Nov 2009;19(4):475-495 This research had its beginnings in an act of trans activism, including a campaign by a
number of trans organizations advocating the need for research dealing with health, well-
being and access to health services in relation to this population. This study set out to
recruit the broadest possible community sample by using a range of recruitment
techniques and an online survey. In total, 253 respondents completed the survey. Of
these, 229 were from Australia (90.5%) and 24 (9.5%) were from New Zealand.
Respondents rated their health on a five-point scale; the majority of the sample rated their
health as 'good' or 'very good'. On the SF36 scale, respondents had poorer health ratings
than the general population in Australia and New Zealand. Respondents reported rates of
depression much higher than those found in the general Australian population, with
assigned males being twice as likely to experience depression as assigned females.
Respondents who had experienced greater discrimination were more likely to report being
currently depressed. Respondents were asked about their best and worst experiences with
a health practitioner or health service in relation to being trans. They contrasted
encounters where they felt accepted and supported by their practitioners with others where
they were met with hostility. Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Ltd International
Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS).
Samudzi Z, Mannell J. Cisgender male and transgender female sex workers in South
Africa: gender variant identities and narratives of exclusion. Culture, health and
sexuality 2016 0, 2016;18(1):1 Sex workers are often perceived as possessing 'deviant' identities, contributing to their
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exclusion from health services. The literature on sex worker identities in relation to health
has focused primarily on cisgender female sex workers as the 'carriers of disease',
obscuring the experiences of cisgender male and transgender sex workers and the
complexities their gender identities bring to understandings of stigma and exclusion. To
address this gap, this study draws on 21 interviews with cisgender male and transgender
female sex workers receiving services from the Sex Workers Education and Advocacy
Taskforce in Cape Town, South Africa. Our findings suggest that the social identities
imposed upon sex workers contribute to their exclusion from public, private, discursive and
geographic spaces. While many transgender female sex workers described their identities
using positive and empowered language, cisgender male sex workers frequently
expressed shame and internalised stigma related to identities, which could be described
as 'less than masculine'. While many of those interviewed felt empowered by positive
identities as transgender women, sex workers and sex worker-advocates,
disempowerment and vulnerability were also linked to inappropriately masculinised and
feminised identities. Understanding the links between gender identities and social
exclusion is crucial to creating effective health interventions for both cisgender men and
transgender women in sex work. Reprinted by permission of Taylor & Francis Ltd
International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS).
Seelman KL. Transgender Individuals' Access to College Housing and Bathrooms:
Findings from the National Transgender Discrimination Survey. J.Gay Lesbian
Soc.Serv. 2014;26(2):186 Within higher education settings, transgender people are at risk for discrimination and
harassment within housing and bathrooms. Yet, few have examined this topic using
quantitative data or compared the experiences of subgroups of transgender individuals to
predict denial of access to these spaces. The current study utilizes the National
Transgender Discrimination Survey to research this issue. Findings indicate that being
transgender and having another marginalized identity matters for students' access to
housing and bathrooms. Trans women are at greater risk than gender-nonconforming
people for being denied access to school housing and bathrooms. Implications for practice
and research are detailed.
Sociology Collection.
Sharpe AN. Transgender performance and the discriminating gaze: a critique of
anti-discrimination regulatory regimes. Social and legal studies 1999 Mar
1999;8(1):5-24 International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS).
Valenti K, Katz A. Needs and Perceptions of LGBTQ Caregivers: The Challenges of
Services and Support. J.Gay Lesbian Soc.Serv. 2014;26(1):70 Increasing attention has been paid to the lack of services and support afforded older
lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) women in same-sex
relationships, including caregivers. This study was designed to investigate the needs and
perceptions of LGBTQ women from ages 35 to 91, including informal caregivers and older
adults regarding services and support from health care providers. Questionnaires were
completed by older LGBTQ women (N = 76), and follow-up interviews were conducted with
25% of caregiver respondents. The majority of subjects indicated a fear of future
challenges and discrimination. Four main themes emerged when analyzing the open-
ended responses: the need for health care workers who were both supportive and
knowledgeable about LGBTQ issues; better and consistent recognition of same-sex
partners and their rights to make decisions as primary caregivers; increased sensitivity
training regarding the needs of LGBTQ patients and caregivers; and more open and
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accepting environments where LGBTQ patients and caregivers could feel comfortable
discussing issues with the staff. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Sociology Collection.
Esther L. Wang. Transgender persons seeking services: Barriers, supportive
factors, and suggestions for practitioners Although trans gender persons comprise a relatively small percentage of the
population, as a group, they experience elevated levels of discrimination as well as
disparities in health and mental health. This study examined the experiences of adult
transgender individuals who have sought social services, mental health services, and
medical care and who live in southern California. This study also explored the suggestions
transgender people themselves have for service providers on how to best deliver culturally
competent care. Fifteen face-to-face interviews were conducted with transgender
individuals using open-ended questions. Grounded theory was used to identify common
themes. These themes were organized into four categories: experience summary,
negative experiences, methods of coping, and suggestions for allies and peers. Copies of
dissertations may be obtained by addressing your request to ProQuest, 789 E.
Eisenhower Parkway, P.O. Box 1346, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346. Telephone 1-800-521-
3042; e-mail:
xxxxxxx@xxx.xxx Sociology Collection.
White CR, Jenkins DD. College students' acceptance of trans women and trans men
in gendered spaces: The role of physical appearance. J.Gay Lesbian Soc.Serv. 2017
Jan-Mar 2017;29(1):41-67 Transgender people often face prejudice and discrimination in school, employment,
housing, and health care, and this can affect their psychological well-being. Although the
literature on prejudice toward transgender people is growing, there is limited research that
has examined differences in attitudes toward trans women and trans men separately.
Specifically, the current study examined the role of physical appearance in the acceptance
of transgender women and men in gendered spaces, including bathrooms, locker rooms,
residence halls, and sorority and fraternity organizations. Participants viewed masculine-
appearing and feminine-appearing images of a trans woman and trans man.
Measurements of overall transacceptance and gendered-space acceptance were
assessed. Results indicated that, in general, trans women were less accepted than trans
men. The masculine-appearing trans woman was less accepted in the gendered spaces
compared to the feminine-appearing trans woman and both images of the trans men. Also,
female participants were generally more accepting of transgender people than male
participants were. These findings suggest that, compared to trans men, discrimination of
trans women is more likely, especially when the trans woman's physical appearance
transgresses traditional gender expectations. Sociology Collection.
Wilber S, Brown B, Celestine A. LGBT Youth in Detention: Understanding and
Integrating Equitable Services. 2012 This publication presents the objectives and content of a workshop designed to improve
jail administrators’ understanding and integration of equitable services for juvenile jail
detainees who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT). Workshop participants
are first presented with a quiz that assesses what they currently know about juvenile LGBT
jail detainees. Questions address the prevalence of LGBT youth in detention facilities;
whether every person has a gender identity; the meaning of “transgender;” the percentage
of LGBT students who missed a day of school in the last month because they felt unsafe
at their school; rate of sexual victimization for LGBT youth compared to heterosexual
youth; percentage of LGBT youth of various races; detention rate for LGBT girls;
homelessness among these youth; and protective factors against suicide for LGBT youth.
Answers are provided for each question. The workshop then traces the experiences of a
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hypothetical LGBT youth admitted to detention. The experiences pertain to intake and risk
assessment, determination of gender and sexual orientation, name and pronoun, risk
assessment, the detention decision and family involvement, jail housing, and race.
National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) Abstracts Database.
Internet
Please use the Library’s Evaluating Information quick guide to help you assess the
quality of results sourced from the Internet
Results from Selected Google:
Please find a couple of selected reports from the results above: Unfortunately most
are involved mainly on the rights for transgender, but some may include exceptions
Government Equalities Office: Providing services for transgender customers A guide
November 2015 (Includes exceptions)
European Parliament: TRANSGENDER PERSONS' RIGHTS IN TRANSGENDER
PERSONS' RIGHTS IN THE EU MEMBER STATES
Government Equalities Office: Government Response to the Women and Equalities
Committee Report on Transgender Equality July 2016
Results from Advanced Google on Transgender exceptions in academic literature
Results from Advanced Google on Transgender exceptions in general
Google Scholar results
Critical Identities: Rethinking Feminism Through Transgender Politics
Building Effective Responses: An Independent Review of Violence against Women,
Domestic Abuse and Sexual Violence Services in Wales
Structural Interventions for HIV Prevention Among Women Who Use Drugs
Transgender Law Concerns Meeting House of Commons 31st October 2017
A sanctuary of tranquillity in a ruptured world: Evaluating long-term counselling at a
women’s community health centre
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Tracing erasures and imagining otherwise: theorizing toward an intersectional
trans/feminist politics of coalition
Redefining Gender and Sex: Educating for Trans, Transsexual and Intersex Access and
Inclusion to Sexual Assault Centres and Transition Houses
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